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Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard of Bingen, O.S.B. (; ) (1098 – 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath.〔Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.〕 She is considered to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany.
Hildegard was elected ''magistra'' by her fellow nuns in 1136; she founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165. One of her works as a composer, the ''Ordo Virtutum'', is an early example of liturgical drama and arguably the oldest surviving morality play.〔Some writers have speculated a distant origin for opera in this piece, though without any evidence. See: (); alt Opera, see Florentine Camerata in the province of Milan, Italy. () and ()〕 She wrote theological, botanical, and medicinal texts, as well as letters, liturgical songs, and poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, ''Scivias''.〔Caviness, Madeline. "Artist: 'To See, Hear, and Know All at Once'", in ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World'', ed. Barbara Newman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 110-124; Nathaniel M. Campbell, “''Imago expandit splendorem suum:'' Hildegard of Bingen’s Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript,” ''Eikón / Imago'' 4 (2013, Vol. 2, No. 2), pp. 1-68, accessible online (here ).〕 She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as ''Lingua Ignota''.
Although the history of her formal consideration is complicated, she has been recognized as a saint by branches of the Roman Catholic Church for centuries. On 7 October 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named her a Doctor of the Church.
==Biography==
Hildegard's exact date of birth is uncertain. She was born around the year 1098 to Mechtild of Merxheim-Nahet and Hildebert of Bermersheim, a family of the free lower nobility in the service of the Count Meginhard of Sponheim.〔''Jutta & Hildegard: The Biographical Sources'', trans. Anna Silvas (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), 40; Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 9.〕 Sickly from birth, Hildegard is traditionally considered their youngest and tenth child, although there are records of seven older siblings.〔''Jutta & Hildegard: The Biographical Sources'', trans. Anna Silvas (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), pp. 278-279.〕〔Fiona Bowie, Oliver Davies. ''Hildegard of Bingen: An Anthology''. SPCK 1990. Some sources note younger siblings, specifically Bruno.〕 In her ''Vita'', Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions.〔''Jutta & Hildegard: The Biographical Sources'', trans. Anna Silvas (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 138; Ruether, Rosemary Radford. ''Visionary Women'' (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fotress, 2002), p. 7.〕
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